1996 Italian general election

1996 Italian general election
	21 April 1996
All 630 seats in the Chamber of Deputies ; 315 seats in the Senate
Registered	48,744,846 (C) · 42,889,825 (S)
Turnout	40,401,774 (C) · 82.9% (3.4 pp) ; 35,260,803 (S) · 82.2% (3.6 pp)
	Results of the single-member constituencies in the Chamber of Deputies (left) and Senate (right).
Prime Minister before election; Lamberto Dini; Independent	Prime Minister after the election ; Romano Prodi; The Olive Tree

The 1996 Italian general election was held on 21 April 1996 to elect members of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic. Romano Prodi, leader of the centre-left The Olive Tree, won the election, narrowly defeating Silvio Berlusconi, who led the centre-right Pole for Freedoms.

For the election, the Northern League of Umberto Bossi ran alone after having left the Berlusconi I Cabinet in 1994, causing a crisis which drove President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro to appoint a technocratic cabinet led by Lamberto Dini, which in turn lost its parliamentary support in 1995, forcing Scalfaro to dissolve the Italian Parliament. The Communist Refoundation Party, led by Fausto Bertinotti, made a pre-electoral alliance with The Olive Tree, presenting its own candidates, supported by Prodi's coalition, mainly in some safe leftist constituencies, in exchange for supporting Olive Tree candidates on the other ones, and ensuring external support for a Prodi government.

Electoral system

The intricate electoral system of Italy, nicknamed as Mattarellum after Sergio Mattarella, who was the official proponent, provided a 75% of the seats on the Chamber of Deputies (the lower house) as elected by a plurality voting system, whereas the remaining 25% was assigned by proportional representation with a minimum threshold of 4%. If possible, the method associate on the Senate was even more complicated: 75% of seats by uninominal method, and 25% by a special proportional method that actually assigned the remaining seats to minority parties.

General election

Background

In December 1994, following the communication of a new investigation from Milan magistrates that was leaked to the press, Umberto Bossi, leader of the Northern League, left the coalition claiming that the electoral pact had not been respected, forcing Berlusconi to resign from office and shifting the majority's weight to the centre-left side. The Northern League also resented the fact that many of its MPs had switched to Forza Italia, allegedly lured by promises of more prestigious portfolios.

Berlusconi remained as caretaker prime minister for a little over a month until his replacement by a technocratic government headed by Lamberto Dini. Dini had been a key minister in the Berlusconi cabinet, and Berlusconi said the only way he would support a technocratic government would be if Dini headed it. In the end, Dini was only supported by most opposition parties and not by Forza Italia and Northern League.

In December 1995, Dini resigned as Prime Minister and President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro decided to begin consultations to form a government, supported by all the parties in the Italian Parliament to make constitutional reforms. In a TV debate on 19 January 1996, both Silvio Berlusconi and Democratic Party of the Left leader Massimo D'Alema supported constitutional refoems; however, there were many problems on this theme in both coalition, as Gianfranco Fini and Romano Prodi wanted a snap election, not sure that the reforms would be helpful for the country. On 16 February 1996, a snap election was called.

Campaign

On 19 February 1996, the outgoing Prime Minister Lamberto Dini announced that he would run in the election with a new party allied with The Olive Tree rather than Berlusconi's Pole of Freedoms. Shortly after, Berlusconi claimed that Dini "copied our electoral programme".[1]

Another important declaration was that of Umberto Bossi, the leader of the regionalist Northern League, which was very important in 1994 to help Berlusconi winning the election. Bossi said that his party would not support Berlusconi anymore and run alone in the election. At the same time, Prodi's coalition made a pre-electoral agreement with Communist Refoundation Party in which Fausto Bertinotti's party undertook to support Prodi's government after the election in case of no parliamentaey majority.

On 25 March 1996, Berlusconi organised a manifestation in Milan against taxes (The Tax Day) attended by many Milanese artisans; on the same day in Turin, Prodi was heavily contested during his electoral speech and accused of not wanting to lower taxes.[2]

Main coalitions and parties

	Party		Main ideology	Leader
The Olive Tree		Democratic Party of the Left (PDS)	Democratic socialism	Massimo D'Alema
	Populars for Prodi (PPI–UD–PRI–SVP)	Centrism	Franco Marini
	Italian Renewal (RI)	Liberalism	Lamberto Dini
	Federation of the Greens (FdV)	Green politics	Franco Corleone
	Italian Socialists (SI)	Social democracy	Enrico Boselli
	The Network (LR)	Anti-corruption politics	Leoluca Orlando
Pole for Freedoms		Forza Italia (FI)	Liberal conservatism	Silvio Berlusconi
		National Alliance (AN)	National conservatism	Gianfranco Fini
		Christian Democratic Centre (CCD)	Christian democracy	Pier Ferdinando Casini
		United Christian Democrats (CDU)	Christian democracy	Rocco Buttiglione
Northern League (LN)			Regionalism	Umberto Bossi
Communist Refoundation Party (PRC)			Communism	Fausto Bertinotti
Pannella–Sgarbi List (LPS)			Libertarianism	Marco Pannella

Coalitions' leaders

	Most recent position	Refs
Romano Prodi (1939– )	Leader of The Olive Tree (1995–1998) Other positions President of the Institute for Industrial Reconstruction (1982–1989; 1993–1994) Minister of Industry, Commerce and Manufacturing (1978–1979)	[3][4]
Silvio Berlusconi (1936– )	Prime Minister of Italy (1994–1995) Other positions Member of the Chamber of Deputies (1994–2013) President of Forza Italia (1994–2009)	[5][6]
Umberto Bossi (1941– )	Federal Secretary of the Northern League (1989–2012) Other positions Member of the Chamber of Deputies (1992–2004) Member of the Senate of the Republic (1987–1992)	[7][8]
Fausto Bertinotti (1940– )	Secretary of the Communist Refoundation Party (1994–2006) Other positions Member of the European Parliament (1999–2006) Member of the Chamber of Deputies (1994–2008)	[9][10]
Marco Pannella (1930–2016)	Member of the European Parliament (1979–2009) Other positions Leader of Pannella List (1992–1999) Member of the Chamber of Deputies (1992–1994; 1987–1989; 1983–1984; 1976–1978) President of the Radical Party (1986–1989; 1976–1981; 1967–1975) Secretary of the Radical Party (1981–1983; 1963–1967)	[11][12]

Results

Overall results

← Summary of the 21 April 1996 Chamber of Deputies election results →
Coalition		Party		Proportional			First-past-the-post			Total seats	+/–

Coalition		Party		Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Total seats	+/–
	The Olive Tree		Democratic Party of the Left (PDS)	7,894,118	21.06	26	15,747,455	42.01	146	172[13]	+48
			Populars for Prodi (PPI–UD–PRI–SVP)	2,554,072	6.81	4			65	69[14]	+18
			Italian Renewal (RI)	1,627,380	4.34	8			18	26[15]	New
			Federation of the Greens (FdV)	938,665	2.50	0			14	14	+3
			The Network (LR)	N/A	N/A	0			3	3	−5
			Ladin Autonomist Union (UAL)	N/A	N/A	0			1	1	+1
		Total seats				38			247	285	–
	Pole for Freedoms		Forza Italia (FI)	7,712,149	20.57	37	15,027,030	40.08	86	123[16]	−9
			National Alliance (AN)	5,870,491	15.66	28			65	93	−17
			CCD – CDU	2,189,563	5.84	12			28	30[17]	+3
		Total seats				77			169	246	–
	Northern League (LN)	3,776,354	10.07	20	4,038,239	10.77	39	59	−59
	Communist Refoundation Party (PRC)			3,213,748	8.57	20	982,505	2.62	15	35	−3
	South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)			N/A	N/A	0	156,708	0.42	3	3	±0
	Southern Action League (LAM)			72,062	0.19	0	82,373	0.22	1	1	±0
	Aosta Valley (VdA)			N/A	N/A	0	37,431	0.10	1	1	±0
Total										630	–

Detailed results

First-past-the-post
Party or coalition		Vote	%	Seats
	Pole for Freedoms (PpL)	15,027,030	40.09	169
	The Olive Tree (Ulivo)	14,447,548	38.54	228
	Northern League (LN)	4,038,239	10.77	39
	The Olive Tree – Venetian Autonomy League	997,534	2.66	14
	Progressives	982,505	2.62	15
	Tricolour Flame (FT)	624,558	1.67	0
	The Olive Tree – Sardinian Action Party	269,047	0.72	4
	South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)	156,708	0.42	3
	Southern Action League (LAM)	82,373	0.22	1
	Pannella-Sgarbi List (LPS)	69,406	0.19	0
	Clean Hands (MP)	68,443	0.18	0
	Socialist Party (PS)	44,786	0.12	0
	Sardigna Natzione (SN)	42,246	0.11	0
	Aosta Valley (VdA)	37,431	0.10	1
	Democracy and Freedom (DL)	33,326	0.09	1
	Renovation	28,988	0.08	0
	Humanist Party (PU)	27,694	0.07	0
	Italian Renaissance Movement (MRI)	24,074	0.06	0
	Union for South Tyrol (UfS)	23,032	0.06	0
	We Sicilians – Sicilian National Front (NS–FNS)	20,102	0.05	0
	Pact for the Agro	18,836	0.05	0
	Communist Refoundation Party (PRC)	17,996	0.05	0
	Greens Greens	12,905	0.03	0
	Environmentalists	12,299	0.03	0
	Liberal Federalists (FL)	11,563	0.03	0
	Aosta Valley for the Olive Tree	11,526	0.03	0
	Social Democracy (DS)	9,760	0.03	0
	North-East Union (UNE)	9,669	0.03	0
	Independent Group Freedom (GIL)	8,805	0.02	0
	Natural Law Party (PLN)	7,708	0.02	0
	Moderates	6,208	0.02	0
	New Energies	5,627	0.02	0
	New Democracy (ND)	5,333	0.01	0
	Development and Legality	5,275	0.01	0
	For Marche	4,317	0.01	0
	Resurgence of the South	4,291	0.01	0
	Free North Autonomy	4,013	0.01	0
	New Ways	3,904	0.01	0
	State of Friuli	3,345	0.01	0
	Liberist Solidal Alliance	3,219	0.01	0
	Ingenuity and Audacity	2,805	0.01	0
	Venetian Solidarity	2,655	0.01	0
	South Pole Movement	2,310	0.01	0
	Federalist Italian League (LIF)	2,268	0.01	0
	Trieste Women's Pact	2,121	0.01	0
	Others	71,281	0.19	0
Total		37,295,109	100.00	475

Proportional
Party		Votes	%	Seats
	Democratic Party of the Left (PDS)	7,894,118	21.06	26
	Forza Italia (FI)	7,712,149	20.57	37
	National Alliance (AN)	5,870,491	15.66	28
	Northern League (LN)	3,776,354	10.07	20
	Communist Refoundation Party (PRC)	3,213,748	8.57	20
	Populars for Prodi (PPI–UD–PRI–SVP)	2,554,072	6.81	4
	CCD – CDU	2,189,563	5.84	12
	Italian Renewal (RI)	1,627,380	4.34	8
	Federation of the Greens (FdV)	938,665	2.50	0
	Pannella-Sgarbi List (LPS)	702,988	1.88	0
	Tricolour Flame (FT)	339,351	0.91	0
	Socialist Party (PS)	149,441	0.40	0
	Southern Action League (LAM)	72,062	0.19	0
	North-East Union (UNE)	63,934	0.17	0
	Union for South Tyrol (UfS)	55,548	0.15	0
	Clean Hands (MP)	44,935	0.12	0
	We Sicilians – Sicilian National Front (NS–FNS)	41,001	0.11	0
	Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az)	38,002	0.10	0
	Greens Greens	25,788	0.07	0
	Sardigna Natzione (SN)	23,355	0.06	0
	Independent Group Freedom	17,451	0.05	0
	Environmentalists	15,560	0.04	0
	Humanist Party (PU)	14,601	0.04	0
	Renovation	13,677	0.04	0
	Pact for the Agro	12,297	0.03	0
	Social Democracy	9,319	0.02	0
	Italian Renaissance Movement (MRI)	8,886	0.02	0
	Tuscan Autonomist Movement (MAT)	8,627	0.02	0
	Natural Law Party (PLN)	8,298	0.02	0
	New Democracy	8,185	0.02	0
	Liberal Federalists (FL)	6,475	0.02	0
	For Marche	5,545	0.01	0
	New Energies	5,393	0.01	0
	Development and Legality	5,347	0.01	0
	Free North Autonomy	4,965	0.01	0
	Federalist Party (PF)	3,743	0.01	0
	Resurgence of the South	3,084	0.01	0
Total		100.00	37,484,398	155
Invalid/blank/unassigned votes		–	2,917,376	–
Total		–	40,401,774	–
Registered voters/turnout		82.88%	48,744,846	–
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Popular vote (First-past-the-post)

Ulivo			41.92%
PpL			40.09%
LN			10.77%
PRC			2.62%
FT			1.67%
Others			3.65%

Popular vote (Proportional)

PDS			21.06%
FI			20.57%
AN			15.66%
LN			10.07%
PRC			8.57%
Popolari			6.81%
CCD-CDU			5.84%
RI			4.34%
FdV			2.50%
LPS			1.88%
Others			2.68%

FPTP results by constituency

Constituency	Total seats	Seats won
		Ulivo	PpL	LN	PRC	Others

Abruzzo	11	6	5
Aosta Valley	1					1
Apulia	34	16	17			1
Basilicata	5	4	1
Calabria	17	11	6
Campania 1	25	19	5		1
Campania 2	22	6	16
Emilia-Romagna	32	28	1		3
Friuli-Venezia Giulia	10	2	5	3
Lazio 1	32	21	11
Lazio 2	11	6	5
Liguria	14	9	4		1
Lombardy 1	31	9	22
Lombardy 2	32	5	7	20
Lombardy 3	11	6	5
Marche	12	9	1		2
Molise	3	2	1
Piedmont 1	19	18			1
Piedmont 2	17	5	11	1
Sardinia	14	7	6		1
Sicily 1	20	5	15
Sicily 2	21	5	16
Trentino-Alto Adige	8	4	1			3
Tuscany	29	24	1		4
Umbria	7	6			1
Veneto 1	22	8	6	8
Veneto 2	15	6	1	7	1
Total	475	247	169	39	15	9

PR results by constituency

Constituency	Total seats	Seats won
		PpL	Ulivo	LN	PRC

Abruzzo	3	1	1		1
Apulia	10	7	2		1
Basilicata	2	1	1
Calabria	6	4	1		1
Campania 1	8	6			2
Campania 2	7	3	3		1
Emilia-Romagna	10	5	3	2
Friuli-Venezia Giulia	3	1	1	1
Lazio 1	10	6	2		2
Lazio 2	5	3	1		1
Liguria	5	2	1	1	1
Lombardy 1	10	2	3	3	2
Lombardy 2	9	4	2	3
Lombardy 3	4	1	1	1	1
Marche	4	3	1
Molise	1		1
Piedmont 1	6	3	1	1	1
Piedmont 2	7	2	2	2	1
Sardinia	4	2	1		1
Sicily 1	7	3	3		1
Sicily 2	7	4	2		1
Trentino-Alto Adige	2	1		1
Tuscany	10	6	2	1	1
Umbria	2	2
Veneto 1	8	3	2	2	1
Veneto 2	5	2	1	2
Total	155	77	38	20	20

Overall results

← Summary of the 21 April 1996 Senate of the Republic election results →
Coalition		Party		First-past-the-post			Proportional Seats	Total seats	+/–

Coalition		Party		Votes	%	Seats	Proportional Seats	Total seats	+/–
	The Olive Tree		Democratic Party of the Left (PDS)	13,434,607	41.18	134	23	102[18]	+26
		Italian People's Party (PPI)	27					−4
		Federation of the Greens (FdV)	14					+7
		Italian Renewal (RI)	11[19]					New
		The Network (LR)	1					−5
		Venetian Autonomy League (LAV)	1					+1
		Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az)	1					+1
	Total seats						157	–
	Pole for Freedoms		Forza Italia (FI)	12,185,020	37.35	67	49	48[20]	+13
			National Alliance (AN)					43	−4
			Christian Democratic Centre (CCD)					15	+3
			United Christian Democrats (CDU)					10	New
		Total seats						116	–
	Northern League (LN)			3,394,733	10.41	18	9	27	−33
	Progressives			934,974	2.87	10	0	10	−8
	Tricolour Flame (FT)			747,487	2.29	0	1	1	New
	Pannella-Sgarbi List (LPS)			509,826	1.56	0	1	1	±0
	The Fir–SVP–PATT			178,425	0.55	2	0	2	−1
	Aosta Valley (VdA)			27,493	0.08	1	0	1	±0
Total								315	–

Detailed results

Party or coalition		Votes	%	Seats
Party or coalition		Votes	%	FPTP	Proportional
	The Olive Tree (Ulivo)	13,013,276	39.89	152	23
	Pole for Freedoms (PdL)	12,185,020	37.35	116	49
	Northern League (LN)	3,394,733	10.41	27	9
	Progressives	934,974	2.87	10	0
	Tricolour Flame (FT)	747,487	2.29	0	1
	Pannella-Sgarbi List (LPS)	509,826	1.56	0	1
	Socialist Party (PS)	286,426	0.88	0	0
	The Fir–SVP–PATT	178,425	0.55	2	0
	Clean Hands (MP)	109,113	0.33	0	0
	League for Autonomy – Lombard Alliance (LAL)	106,313	0.33	0	0
	North-East Union (UNE)	72,541	0.22	0	0
	We Sicilians – Sicilian National Front (NS–FNS)	71,841	0.22	0	0
	Southern Action League (LAM)	66,750	0.20	0	0
	Greens Greens (VV)	61,434	0.19	0	0
	Pensioners' Party (PP)	60,640	0.19	0	0
	Social Democracy	60,016	0.18	0	0
	Federation of Italian Civic Lists	55,793	0.17	0	0
	Sardigna Natzione (SN)	44,713	0.14	0	0
	Aosta Valley (VdA)	27,493	0.08	1	0
	Piedmont Nation of Europe	26,951	0.08	0	0
	Environmentalists	26,756	0.08	0	0
	Independent Group Freedom (GIL)	23,301	0.07	0	0
	Union for South Tyrol (UfS)	19,330	0.06	0	0
	Tuscan Autonomist Movement (MAT)	18,691	0.06	0	0
	Pact for the Agro	17,980	0.06	0	0
	Renovation	16,216	0.05	0	0
	Aosta Valley for the Olive Tree	10,371	0.03	0	0
	Right of the People	6,710	0.02	0	0
	Natural Law Party (PLN)	10,371	0.03	0	0
	Democrats for Progress	5,688	0.02	0	0
	Communist Refoundation Party (PRC)	5,681	0.02	0	0
	Popular Movement of Moralization (MPM)	5,297	0.02	0	0
	Azure Alps	5,144	0.02	0	0
	Democratic Alternative for the Roman Castles	4,524	0.01	0	0
	Progressive People's Party (PPP)	4,450	0.01	0	0
	For a Normal Country	3,976	0.01	0	0
	European Dolomite Region	2,898	0.01	0	0
	Free North Autonomy	2,411	0.01	0	0
	Hit the Center	2,178	0.01	0	0
Total		32,624,584	100.00	232	83

Popular vote

Ulivo			39.89%
PpL			37.35%
LN			10.41%
Prog.			2.87%
FT			2.29%
LPS			1.56%
Others			5.63%

FPTP by constituency

Constituency	Total seats	Seats won
		Ulivo	PpL	LN	PRC	Others

Piedmont	17	10	5	1	1
Aosta Valley	1					1
Lombardy	35	15	11	8	1
Trentino-Alto Adige	6	2	2			2
Veneto	17	8	1	8
Friuli-Venezia Giulia	5	1	3	1
Liguria	6	3	2		1
Emilia-Romagna	15	13			2
Tuscany	14	12			2
Umbria	5	4			1
Marche	6	6
Lazio	21	13	8
Abruzzo	5	4	1
Molise	2	2
Campania	22	13	7		2
Apulia	16	7	9
Basilicata	5	5
Calabria	8	4	4
Sicily	20	7	13
Sardinia	6	5	1
Total	232	134	67	18	10	3

PR results by constituency

Constituency	Total seats	Seats won
		PpL	Ulivo	LN	Others

Piedmont	6	3	1	2
Lombardy	12	5	4	3
Trentino-Alto Adige	1	1
Veneto	6	3	2	1
Friuli-Venezia Giulia	2		1	1
Liguria	3	1	1	1
Emilia-Romagna	6	5		1
Tuscany	5	5
Umbria	2	2
Marche	2	2
Lazio	7	4	3
Abruzzo	2	2
Campania	8	5	3
Apulia	6	3	3
Basilicata	2	2
Calabria	3	2	1
Sicily	7	1	4		2
Sardinia	3	3
Total	83	49	23	9	2

Maps

Results for the Chamber of Deputies (left) and Senate of the Republic (right) in single-member constituencies. The color corresponds to the party or coalition that won the constituency. Red represents The Olive Tree, blue the Pole for Freedoms, green the Northern League, dark red the Communist Refoundation Party, black the South-Tyrolean People's Party, indigo the Southern Action League, and turquoise the Aosta Valley coalition.

Composition of the Chamber of Deputies and of the Senate by coalition

Leaders' races

1996 Italian general election (C): Bologna – Mazzini
Candidate		Coalition	Party	Votes	%
	Romano Prodi	The Olive Tree	Ind	55,830	60.82
	Filippo Berselli	Pole for Freedoms	AN	35,972	39.18
Total				91,802	100.0
Turnout				95,948	92.26
	Centre-left hold
Source: Ministry of the Interior

1996 Italian general election (C): Milan Centre
Candidate		Coalition	Party	Votes	%
	Silvio Berlusconi	Pole for Freedoms	FI	46,098	51.50
	Michele Salvati	The Olive Tree	PDS	32,464	36.27
	Umberto Bossi *		LN	10,179	11.37
	Camillo Comelli		PU	766	0.86
Total				89,507	100.0
Turnout				92,969	82.64
	Centre-right gain from LN
* incumbent defeated
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Notes

Bossi ran also in the single-member constituency of Milan but he lost to Berlusconi.

References

"ANNO 1996 MESE DI FEBBRAIO". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
ANNO 1996 MESE DI MARZO
Prodi dall'Annunziata
La vittoria di Prodi nel 1996
I manifesti elettorali di Silvio Berlusconi dal 1994 ad oggi
Prodi–Berlusconi, vigilia di duello. Leader in ritiro, si limano le regole
Pontida 1996, il discorso di Umberto Bossi sulla nascita della Padania
1996, quando la Lega era pro-euro
Fausto Bertinotti e Giuliano Ferrara da Bruno Vespa
Silvio Berlusconi e Fausto Bertinotti da Lucia Annunziata
Pannella a Porta a Porta nel 1996
Pannella, una vita da radicale
Including 8 deputies of the Movement of Unitarian Communists (MCU), 6 deputies of the Labour Federation (FL), 5 deputies of the Social Christians (CS), one deputy of the Republican Left (SR) and one deputy of the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI)
Including 5 deputies of the Democratic Union (UD) and 2 deputies of the Italian Republican Party (PRI)
Including 8 deputies of Segni Pact (Patto), 7 deputies of the Italian Socialists (SI) and one deputy of the Democratic Italian Movement (MID)
Including 3 deputies of the Union of the Centre (UdC)
19 deputies of CCD and 11 deputies of CDU
Including 5 senators of the Labour Federation (FL) and 4 senators of the Social Christians (CS)
Including 5 senators of the Italian Socialists (SI), one senator of Segni Pact (PS) and one senator of the Democratic Italian Movement (MID)
Including 2 senators of the Union of the Centre (UdC)

External links

(in Italian) Minister of Internal Affairs of Italy: 1996 Election Results, Chamber of Deputies (compressed ZIP file)
(in Italian) Minister of Internal Affairs of Italy: 1996 Election Results, Senate of the Republic (compressed ZIP file)

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] Bossi ran also in the single-member constituency of Milan but he lost to Berlusconi.

[2] "ANNO 1996 MESE DI FEBBRAIO". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2012-08-21.

[3] ANNO 1996 MESE DI MARZO

[4] Prodi dall'Annunziata

[5] La vittoria di Prodi nel 1996

[6] I manifesti elettorali di Silvio Berlusconi dal 1994 ad oggi

[7] Prodi–Berlusconi, vigilia di duello. Leader in ritiro, si limano le regole

[8] Pontida 1996, il discorso di Umberto Bossi sulla nascita della Padania

[9] 1996, quando la Lega era pro-euro

[10] Fausto Bertinotti e Giuliano Ferrara da Bruno Vespa

[11] Silvio Berlusconi e Fausto Bertinotti da Lucia Annunziata

[12] Pannella a Porta a Porta nel 1996

[13] Pannella, una vita da radicale

[14] Including 8 deputies of the Movement of Unitarian Communists (MCU), 6 deputies of the Labour Federation (FL), 5 deputies of the Social Christians (CS), one deputy of the Republican Left (SR) and one deputy of the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI)

[15] Including 5 deputies of the Democratic Union (UD) and 2 deputies of the Italian Republican Party (PRI)

[16] Including 8 deputies of Segni Pact (Patto), 7 deputies of the Italian Socialists (SI) and one deputy of the Democratic Italian Movement (MID)

[17] Including 3 deputies of the Union of the Centre (UdC)

[18] 19 deputies of CCD and 11 deputies of CDU

[19] Including 5 senators of the Labour Federation (FL) and 4 senators of the Social Christians (CS)

[20] Including 5 senators of the Italian Socialists (SI), one senator of Segni Pact (PS) and one senator of the Democratic Italian Movement (MID)

[21] Including 2 senators of the Union of the Centre (UdC)

Elections and referendums in Italy
General	1861 1865 1867 1870 1874 1876 1880 1882 1886 1890 1892 1895 1897 1900 1904 1909 1913 1919 1921 1924 1929 1934 1946 1948 1953 1958 1963 1968 1972 1976 1979 1983 1987 1992 1994 1996 2001 2006 2008 2013 2018 Next
European	1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024
Regional	1947 1949 1951 1953 1954 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1974 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1983 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Local	1946 1947 1948 1949 1951 1952 1953 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Referendums	1946 1974 1978 1981 1985 1987 1989 1990 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2000 2001 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2016 (Apr) 2016 (Dec) 2020 2022
See also: Elections in Abruzzo Aosta Valley Apulia Basilicata Calabria Campania Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia Lazio Liguria Lombardy Marche Molise Piedmont Sardinia Sicily Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Tuscany Umbria Veneto By-elections